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  • Similarly EGCG restored the mitochondrial energy shortfall

    2019-10-07

    Similarly, EGCG restored the mitochondrial energy shortfall in fibroblasts and lymphoblasts of the patients affected by Down syndrome, even so the mechanism of the effect was not clearly known (Valenti et al., 2013). EGCG also stimulated the mitochondrial biogenesis by activation of nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator (PGC-1), and mitochondrial DNA content (Magalingam et al., 2015; Valenti et al., 2013). Genistein, also protected the neuronal SP 600125 in contrast to the amyloid toxicity, glutamate and oxidative damages (Sonee et al., 2004; Valles et al., 2008), mainly mediated through the restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential (Gao et al., 2012). Naringin, mainly obtained from Citrus species, an important flavonoid compound showed progression in the oxidative defense mechanism, chelating properties and cognitive dysfunction (Jagetia and Reddy, 2005; Jeon et al., 2001; Jung et al., 1983). Additionally, the compound exhibited restoration of the mitochondrial enzyme Complexes I and III actions in a murine model (Kumar et al., 2010). SP 600125 Neuroprotective effect of naringin may also be explained by its antioxidant (Hyung et al., 2013) and anti-apoptotic aspects (Engel et al., 2012; Lopez del Amo et al., 2012). This compound also has potential to induce different neurotropic factors like VEGF, BDNF and GDNF (Velander et al., 2017). In a recent study, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala fruit berry standardized extract (by cyanidin-3-glucoside) was used to unravel its neuroprotective effect in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells against glutamate-mediated oxidative/ER stress. This investigation showed that the level of apoptotic proteins explicitly for ER stress was suppressed in the glutamate induced cells, due to the upregulation of cellular antioxidant enzymes gene expression such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferases (GST) (Sukprasansap et al., 2017). Different amount of anthocyanins were detected in different parts of the rat brainsuch as hippocampus, cortex cerebellum, or striatum , which is a clear evidence that shows anthocyanins can cross BBB (Andres-Lacueva et al., 2005). Isobavachalcone isolated from Psoralea corylifolia inhibited the expression of the nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ) in vitro (Jing et al., 2017). This compound also displayed a decreasing effect on cytokines expression and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative damage, indicating that the isobavachalcone neuroprotective effect was mediated through microglia mediated inflammation (Jing et al., 2017). It was shown that myricetin, quercetin (catechol type), kaempferol, morin and datiscetin (non catechol type) possessed anti-amyloid activity (Velander et al., 2017), while kaempferol, morin and datiscetin as non chalcons only exhibited their anti-amyloid effect in presence of mutants including Lys28Nle, Lys16Nle/Lys28Nle and Lys16Nle (Sato et al., 2013). The anti-amyloid effect of the catechol type compounds, more specifically myricetin and quercetin were related to the o-quinone-Lys covalent adduct formation (Velander et al., 2017).
    MAPK/ERK pathway and MEK/ERK cascade MEKs are a highly conserved group of three homologous (nearly 85%) mammalian isoforms including; MEK1 (45 kDa) and MEK1b (43 kDa) which are mainly inactive, and the 46 kDa MEK2. MEKs structure contains a catalytic kinase domain, enclosed by a regulatory N-terminal region (∼80 amino acids) and a shorter C-terminal domain (∼30 amino acids). Similar to the other MAPKKs, activation of MEKs is commonly happens via the phosphorylation of two Ser residues in their activation loop (for MEK1: Ser218 and Ser222). In addition, induction of MEKs is controlled by further phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism; the phosphorylation of Ser386 of MEK1 by ERKs, which have both inhibitor and inducer roles (Nantel et al., 1998; Takekawa et al., 2005). The complexity of MEK/ERK network is partly ascribed to the presence of two distinct MEKs (MEK1 and MEK2), two archetypal ERKs (ERK1 and ERK2), and kinases; A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf. Into the bargain, Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is not only a simple linear signaling, but also is a complex network of self-regulatory chains, crosstalk, reciprocity with other cascades and multicomponent signaling systems (Campbell et al., 1998).