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  • In these tables the AAD for most of

    2021-01-18

    In these tables, the AAD for most of the alcohols in 2B and 3B schemes is less than 1%. It should also be said that for ethanol, AAD in 2B scheme is (0.36%) and for 3B scheme it is (0.02%), which indicates superior prediction of 3B scheme compared to 2B in CPA ƒ-theory model. Table 8a, Table 9 show the overall AAD ctep of CPA ƒ-theory, PR ƒ-theory and SRK ƒ-theory models for methanol, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol. From the comparison of overall average percentage of absolute deviation in Table 8a, Table 9, we find that the CPA ƒ-theory model for 2B scheme (0.54%) and 3B (0.45%) has a better prediction than the models of PR ƒ-theory (1.13%) and SRK ƒ-theory (1.15%). Better prediction of CPA ƒ-theory model, is because this model has good compatibility with polar fluids such as alcohols. This compatibility is a result of adding association term to SRK-EOS [8]; adding this term, considers effects of OH groups in change of viscosity. In Table 8a, the overall AAD schemes of 2B and 3B for CPA ƒ-theory model has been shown. By observing these results we know that prediction of 3B (0.45%) scheme is better than 2B (0.54%) scheme in CPA ƒ-theory model. In Table 8b, the AAD for 2B and 3B schemes has been shown. In Fig. 3, Fig. 4, the effects of pressure changes on performance of prediction of the CPA ƒ-theory model have been shown. According to these figures when pressure changes are studied using this model, with the increasing in pressure, AAD also rises. The AAD increase shows inappropriate performance of the CPA ƒ-theory model in high pressures. So we can say that the CPA ƒ-theory model in non-atmospheric pressure has not good prediction. This model can be used at atmospheric pressure for most polar systems.
    Conclusions From this study, the following results are obtained:
    Nomenclature
    Introduction Aspergillus ctep may cause life-threatening respiratory infections including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and allergic and chronic lung disease (Hope et al., 2005). A small number of species of Aspergillus are responsible for pulmonary aspergillosis including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) (Hope et al., 2005, Denning et al., 2011). While ABPA is a non-invasive form of Aspergillus lung disease with hypersensitivity manifestations in patients who have pre-existing atopy, asthma or cystic fibrosis (Kousha et al., 2011), CPA manifests in patients who have impaired immunity and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (Kousha et al., 2011). Globally, about 6.8% of asthmatic patients and those with corticosteroid-complicated asthma develop ABPA (Agarwal et al., 2013). Among cystic fibrosis patients, the prevalence of ABPA was found to be 2–15% (Denning et al., 2003a), increasing to 18% among children (Sharma et al., 2014). The global burden of CPA complicating ABPA has been estimated to be approximately 400,000 patients (Denning et al., 2013a). Most subjects with a simple aspergilloma are asymptomatic except for haemoptysis which occurs in about 50–90% of cases (Patterson and Strek, 2014). Confirmation of diagnosis of these infections requires assessment of clinical symptoms, positive Aspergillus spp. culture from respiratory secretions, histological demonstration of fungal invasion, detection of Aspergillus IgG antibody and other immunological tests as well as review of radiological appearances (Denning et al., 2003a, Zmeili and Soubani, 2007, Saraceno et al., 1997, Agarwal et al., 2015). Most diagnostic tests for the detection of Aspergillus and other fungi utilise serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for the confirmation of pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis (Agarwal et al., 2015). BAL requires bronchoscopy that is invasive and may be difficult to obtain in critically ill patients (Denning et al., 2011). However, sputum that is either expectorated or induced is non-invasive and its diagnostic significance in term of volume yield, sensitivity and specificity cannot be overemphasized (Fraczek et al., 2014, Schelenz et al., 2015, Kimura et al., 2008).