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    • Among different classes of pesticide

    2023-02-06

    Among different BW 723C86 hydrochloride of pesticide, organophosphates as well as pyrethroids are more frequently used because of their high insecticidal property, low mammalian toxicity, less persistence and rapid biodegradability in the environment. These compounds are used extensively in agriculture supposed to bioaccumulate in humans and exhibit relatively low level of toxicity in mammals [2]. Fishes exhibit different kinds of behaviours such as schooling where fishes form groups; surfacing i.e. frequent movement to water surface; hanging due to loss of balance, opercular movement rate and convulsions [[3], [4]]. Such behaviours are subjected to olfaction and visual stimuli [5]. Pesticide exposure affects the fish behaviour in diversified manners [[6], [7], [8]]. High toxicity of synthetic pesticides has been found to aquatic, zooplankton and mammalian species [9]. Present study reflects two group of pesticides namely an organophosphate, triazophos (O,O-Diethyl O-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol- 3yl – phosphorothioate; PubChem CID: 32184) which is widely used insecticide to control the pests on the paddy and on cotton fields due to its low toxicity to mammals (human) [10]. Other pesticide is pyrethroid, deltamethrin [(S)-cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl] 3-(2, 2-dibromoethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate; PubChem CID: 40585) which is extensively used in agriculture and forestry because of its high activity against a broad spectrum of insect pests [11]. It is also used as an alternative pesticide in malaria control programs in India and other developing countries [12]. Deltamethrin is known to be toxic to fish and various other aquatic organisms [13]. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity plays role as a biomarker upon the exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides [[14], [15]]. As there is an increase in newly discovered potential pesticides day by day and also variations in their impact on various aquatic genera and species, thus it is relevant to study the impact of organophosphate and pyrethroid on fish, C. punctatus which may also act as a bioindicator of pollution caused by pesticides in water. Further, Channa punctatus is regarded as one of the most important teleost in India being the rich source of nutritive materials available in abundance and thus affordable to the low income group of people. Besides this, it also has therapeutic use. The exposure of pesticides may cause the mortality and reduction in its population. Therefore, the aim of present study is to evaluate the comparative impact of acute toxicity of formula grade pesticides, namely triazophos (OP) and deltamethrin (pyrethroid) on AChE activity in a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus.
    Materials and methods
    Results and discussion
    Conclusion Present study plays an important role in pesticide risk assessment. Fishes serve as a key indicator of environmental toxicity. The toxicity effect of deltamethrin to Channa punctatus is high even at very low concentration. The results may help to understand the toxicity of the pesticide in the field and may work as pre- alarming indicators of pesticide toxicity in the freshwater fish, Channa punctatus.
    Acknowledgements Authors express their gratitude to the Head of the Department of Zoology, for providing Central Instrumental facility developed with the financial assistance from Department of Science and Technology-Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology Infrastructure (DST-FIST), New Delhi, India and University Grants Commission-Special Assistance Programme (UGC-SAP), New Delhi, India Phase I & II for carrying out this work. Financial assistance to the authors (SS and RKT) from UGC is gratefully acknowledged.
    Introduction Dioxin refers to a group of high persistent organic environmental contaminants with similar chemical structures, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [1]. Hundreds of congeners of dioxins are generated during synthetic processes including waste incineration, metal smelting. Since these environmental contaminants are highly resistant to metabolism in vertebrate species, biomagnification occurs through the food chain, and high tissue concentrations occur in top predator species, including humans [2]. In the family of dioxin, the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD, dioxin) is the most intensively studied one, and reported to be exerting various kinds of impacts on human health. Epidemiology and related studies show that exposure to TCDD results in multiple toxic effects, including immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, carcinogenesis, endocrine toxicity, productive toxicity etc [3], [4], [5].