Analyses of upstream promotor sequences of cysteine protease

Analyses of upstream promotor sequences of cysteine proteases and phytocystatins and interaction between transcription factors are the initial step to understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control their gene expression. Analyses of the expression levels of TFs and their targets confirm this interaction and indicate that cysteine proteases and their inhibitors are transcriptionally regulated. In B. distachyon seeds, transcripts of two factors: BdGamyb and BdDof24 are induced by GA in aleurone Telbivudine during germination and reach the highest expression level just before the gene encoding cathepsin B-like protease (BdCathB) (González-Calle et al., 2014). In turn, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) down regulated the expression of BdGamyb and its orthologs in barley and rice as well as the gene encoding cathepsin B-like protease (BdCathB) (Gubler et al., 1999, Sutoh and Yamauchi, 2003). Moreover, transient expression experiments have shown that BPBF strongly decreased transcription of the native promotor of a barley cystatin gene (Icy) but SAD activated this system in vivo (Martínez et al., 2005b). Finally, mutants of transcription factor VP1 (a key component of ABA signaling) in maize and Arabidopsis, are characterized by inability of seeds to initiate dormancy leading to their premature germination in the ear (Abraham et al., 2016, Gubler et al., 2005). These numerous results indicate that the success of seed development and germination depends on their responses to GA or ABA, which activate the expression of many genes encoding firstly TFs and next their targets such as proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors.
Conclusions Cereal seeds, like the seeds of all plants, are responsible for the development, protection, dispersal, and nutrition of the next generation. Moreover, cereal caryopses have a high nutritional value for humans and animals. The stable and proper growth of cereal seeds is made possible through the balance between the proteases (particularly the cysteine proteases) and their inhibitors, because proteolysis is indispensable for the development of cereal tissue, for the activation of storage proteins and for their hydrolysis in germinating seeds. The presence of GA- and ABA-responsive elements in the promoter regions of the genes encoding proteases and their inhibitors confirms their important role in regulating the growth of cereal seeds. The direction of changes in growing seeds depends on the ratio of internal GA and ABA, the type of transcription factors present and their integration. The binding of these factors to the cis-acting elements contributes to the fine-tuning of the development, dormancy and germination of the caryopsis.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by the statutory research fund of the Department of Biochemistry (Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Poland).
Introduction While vaccinology within bacteriology and virology is based on a long range of effective products, research within parasite vaccinology still awaits the same success. An important reason for this is the differences with regard to size, chemical composition, invasion mode and replication that exist between bacteria and virus on one hand and parasites on the other hand. Bacteria are single celled prokaryotic organisms carrying a cell wall, mostly a few micrometres in length, and viruses consist of genetic materials, a protein coat and in some cases an envelope (10–300nm). Parasites, however, can be either unicellular- or multicellular organisms ranging from a few micrometres to several metres and their surface coating is extremely diverse. Parasites are more complicated organisms, which induce complex immunological interactions [1] and antiparasitic immunity is often multifaceted depending on the type of parasite invading the host.