• Hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters

  2022-09-21

  

  Hepatic drug-metabolizing SB743921 and transporters expression were regulated by nuclear receptors [19], [20], [21]. The effects of HFD-induced fatty liver on drug metabolizing enzymes in mice were recently studied, and the results provided a systematic evaluation of the changes of nuclear receptor

• br Introduction Calorie restriction CR in the absence

  2022-09-21

  

  Introduction Calorie restriction (CR), in the absence of malnutrition, has beneficial effects on hiv protease inhibitors function, including reducing the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative disease (Gräff et al., 2013), eliciting anti-depressant behavior (Lutter et al., 2008) and improvin

• br Introduction G protein coupled receptors GPCRs

  2022-09-21

  

  Introduction G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest family of receptors involved in cell membrane signal transduction and have become one of the leading therapeutic targets worldwide (Chakraborty and Chattopadhyay, 2015; Bouvier, 2001; Sriram and Insel, 2018). GPCRs sign

• Introduction Osteoarthritis OA is a prevalent disease charac

  2022-09-21

  

  Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease characterized by chronic joint degeneration, including articular cartilage loss, synovitis and osteophyte formation [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. The cause of OA is metabolic imbalance and mechanical stress, which is coupled with inflammation, lead

• Gap junction channels exhibit different types of gating

  2022-09-21

  

  Gap junction channels exhibit different types of gating properties. One alternative mechanism that should be mentioned is loop gating in which the extracellular loop of connexin assumes a configuration to form a narrow pathway for closure of unopposed hemichannels [53] and docked junction channels [

• br Presenilins and Wnt catenin signalling

  2022-09-21

  

  Presenilins and Wnt/β-catenin signalling Several groups have provided substantial data indicating that PS1 acts as a negative modulator of the transcriptional activity of the β-catenin/Tcf-4 complex (Fig. 4) [120], [121], [122]. β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein that was first described as a

• br Acute host defense Inflammation the host response to

  2022-09-21

  

  Acute host defense Inflammation, the host response to infection and tissue injury, is crucial for survival and restoration of tissue structure and function. This acute response is mediated and governed by a variety of pro-inflammatory circuits to ensure recognition of invading pathogens, coordina

• br Clinical development of FGFR

  2022-09-21

  

  Clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer The rationale to explore the role of FGFR inhibitors in patients with breast cancer comes from a variety of sources. These include genomic aberrations frequently identified in the FGF/FGFR pathway in breast cancer, the increased sensitivity

• br Pharmacological anti aging approaches and the Hippo pathw

  2022-09-20

  

  Pharmacological anti-aging approaches and the Hippo pathway Aging and age-related pathologies are the main causes of disabilities and death. As Magalhañes and colleagues suggest, the challenges of developing anti-aging pharmacological therapies may, in part, be due to the complexity of aging mole

• br Conclusion br Author contributions br Ethics approval br

  2022-09-20

  

  Conclusion Author contributions Ethics approval Competing interests Introduction VHL is a well-known tumor suppressor and works as a target recruitment subunit of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that recruits hydroxylated hypoxia inducible factor α (HIF-α) for proteasomal degradation u

• A revolution in cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged wi

  2022-09-20

  

  A revolution in cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged with the development of novel immunomodulatory antibodies, classified as immunostimulatory agonist monoclonal AR-42 HDAC (mAbs) or checkpoint blocking mAbs. CD40/CD40L, as an important costimulatory pathway, mediates a broad spectrum of syst

• On the other hand the

  2022-09-20

  

  On the other hand, the single-stranded RNA flavivirus hepatitis C virus (HCV), causes type C hepatitis, which often leads to liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its genome of about 9.6kb encodes the structural proteins C, E1, E2, and the nonstructural proteins NS2, NS3, NS

• Previous studies have established that phosphorylation of GC

  2022-09-20

  

  Previous studies have established that phosphorylation of GC-B is required for activation of GC-B. Conversion of all six chemically determined serine and threonine phosphorylation sites in GC-B to alanines produced a properly folded enzyme that retained GC activity under synthetic detergent activati

• br Mutagenesis and Receptor Modeling Studies br Signal

  2022-09-20

  

  Mutagenesis and Receptor-Modeling Studies Signal Transduction and Receptor Desensitization Therapeutic Potential of HCA Receptor Ligands Although all members of the HCA receptor family are potentially interesting drug targets, only HCA2 is currently exploited as such. Therefore, this sectio

• br Advanced Glycation Endproducts As glucose

  2022-09-19

  

  Advanced Glycation Endproducts As glucose levels rise within sensory neurons as a result of hyperglycemia, normal metabolic pathways become overwhelmed and excess glucose is shunted into other ancillary pathways that, under these conditions, become damaging. One consequence of hyperglycemia is th

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